Cervical Cancer Awareness: Role of HPV & preventive measures
Cervical Cancer Awareness: As we embark on a new year, dedicating January to health and self-care is a valuable initiative. One crucial aspect of women's health is cervical cancer, and January is recognised as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month. In this comprehensive overview, we delve into the pivotal role of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of cervical cancer and explore preventive measures.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) stands out as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection globally, encompassing over 200 related viruses. Alarmingly common, HPV is transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. The World Health Organisation (WHO) notes that nearly all sexually active individuals will contract HPV at some point in their lives.
Cervical cancer, ranking as the fourth most common cancer in women globally, is a significant health concern. WHO highlights the disproportionate impact on younger women, emphasising that 20% of children who lose their mothers to cancer are victims of cervical cancer. The correlation between HIV and cervical cancer further magnifies the complexity of this health issue.
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The link between HPV and cervical cancer is robust, with certain high-risk types, notably HPV 16 and HPV 18, responsible for the majority of HPV-related cancers. These high-risk HPVs can induce changes in cervical epithelial cells, leading to dysplasia—an abnormal growth that can progress from mild to high grade, increasing the risk of cancer development.
HPV causes cervical cancer by integrating its DNA into host cells. The virus produces E6 and E7 proteins, which interfere with tumor suppressor genes, allowing excessive proliferation of cervical cells and the accumulation of genetic mutations, eventually leading to cancer. The synergy of HPV infection with factors like smoking, weakened immune systems, and long-term oral contraceptive use further amplifies the risk.
In the early stages, cervical cancer may not exhibit symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, warning signs such as unusual vaginal bleeding, watery or foul-smelling discharge, and pelvic pain may manifest. Early detection is crucial, and irregularities on the cervix during examination can be early indicators.
Preventing HPV-related cancers, including cervical cancer, is achievable through vaccines. Vaccination can mitigate the risk of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers caused by HPV. Safe sexual practices and routine cervical screenings, previously known as smear tests, play a pivotal role in identifying HPV and abnormal cell changes.
In India, the introduction of 'Cervavac,' the first indigenous HPV vaccine, marks a significant step in cervical cancer prevention. A study in The Lancet Oncology affirms the vaccine's safety and immunogenicity, comparable to the widely used Gardasil, a quadrivalent HPV vaccine by US-based Merck.
As we observe Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, understanding the profound impact of HPV on cervical cancer development is crucial. Empowering ourselves with knowledge about preventive measures, including vaccination and routine screenings, can pave the way for a healthier future. The introduction of indigenous vaccines, such as 'Cervavac,' showcases the ongoing global efforts to combat cervical cancer and underscores the importance of prioritizing women's health.
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